production of ethanol from molasses (sugar and starches)

*Principle :-

Being one of the earliest biotechnologies used by humans for the production of Ethanol, molasses Fermentation is also the most cost-effective way.
Other than the formation of ethyl alcohol or ethanol, molasses is a microbiological energy source that helps in the process of growing yeast, bacteria and moulds.  Molasses Fermentation is a biological process in which sucrose from molasses is converted into cellular energy that eventually produces ethanol and carbon dioxide. Molasses from sugarcane or sugar imparts an appropriate substrate for ethanol production.
At industrial level, ethanol is prepared by molasses fermentation. A residue begotten from sugar cane processing, molasses is the mother liquor left after crystallization of sugarcane juice. It is a dark colored viscous liquid that contains approximately 40 to 50% fermentable sugar.
Ethanol being a renewable resource of energy is probably a cleaner alternative to fossil fuels. Demand for Ethanol is increasing day by day due to its versatile application and utility. To meet the acing demands, production of Ethyl Alcohol or Ethanol through fermentation is gaining momentum and acclamation globally.
*There are essentially three methods used to produce ethanol: 
-Manufacture from ethene using steam (the "synthetic" route)
 -Production from sugars and starches by fermentation, using yeasts.
- Production from biomass waste, using bacteria.

*Protocol :-

Large volume storage tanks of molasses provide a continuous supply of molasses from sugar processing section .
                      ⬇️
The molasses from the tanks are diluted with water to  obtain the sugar concentration  around 10 - 15% . 

                 ⬇️

Dialuted and treated molasses and the yeast( schizosaccharomyces species) from storage are fed to the fermentation chamber 
                 ⬇️
After 30-70 hours sugar concentration to yeast to count (at  20-30 °c)
 
                ⬇️

The product liquid mixture is fed to the beer still tank to perform distillation
       (Carbon dioxide get as a by-product)          
                ⬇️

Solid and slurry is separated leaving the solution of aldehyde, alcohol and water
       ( Alcohol concentration is 50-60%)
                  ⬇️

Aldehyde ,water molecule and alcohol mixture is fed to the aldehyde tank 
(Removal of water and aldehyde  molecule) 
               ⬇️
               
Ethanol fed to the decanter                                                              
            (Decanter- Tank that used to separate out sediment ) 
                 ⬇️
Ternary azeotropic distillation ( first section of decanter)
                 ⬇️
               
Add benzene into ethanol            
                 ⬇️
              
 It results into 95 % ethanol
                 ⬇️

Ethanol is fed to recycling column (second section of deacnter)
  (Removal of all water molecule and corbon dioxide molecule)            
  
                ⬇️             
   
Add benzene into ethanol               

                 ⬇️
It results into 100% ethanol  

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