Production of antibiotics (Tetracycline)

The tetracyclines were discovered by Benjamin Minge Duggar in 1945 as natural products,
 *Principle:-----
The tetracycline ,a large family of antibiotics
Tetracyclines retain an important role in medicine, although their usefulness has been reduced with the onset of antibiotic resistance. Tetracyclines remain the treatment of choice for some specific indications.
   Tetracyclines are growth inhibitors (bacteriostatic) rather than killers of the infectious agent (bacteriocidal) and are only effective against multiplying microorganisms. They inhibit protein synthesis by binding reversibly to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit 
*Chemical Formula-:
           C22H24N2O8

* Classified according to source -:
1)Naturally occurring
Tetracycline-
•Chlortetracycline
•Oxytetracycline
•Demeclocycline

2)Semi-synthetic-
•Lymecycline
•Meclocycline (no longer marketed)
•Methacycline
•Minocycline
•Rolitetracycline
•Doxycycline
•Glycecyclines
•Tigecycline

*Classified according to duration of action-:

•Short-acting (half-life is 6–8 hours)
-Tetracycline
-Chlortetracycline
-Oxytetracycline
-Rolitetracycline
-Lymecycline
-Meclocycline (no longer marketed)

*Intermediate-acting (half-life is about 12 hours)
-Demeclocycline
-Methacycline

*Long-acting (half-life is 16 hours or more)
-Doxycycline
-Minocycline
-Tigecycline
-Eravacycline
-Sarecycline
-Omadacycline

*Protocol:-
*Production Process of Chlortetracycline:-

The fermentation medium consists of corn steep liquor, soy flour or peanut meal for the supply of nitrogen and carbon sources. 
                  ⬇️
   Addition of crude carbon sources or by supplying glucose or starch.(Continuous feeding of carbohydrate is desirable for good growth of the organism and production of the antibiotic) 
                     ⬇️
For more efficient production of chlortetracycline, 
the supply of ammonium and phosphate has to be maintained at a low concentration.
At 27-30 °C ,  pH-6.5-7.5
and aeration 0.8-1.0 vvm. 
                    ⬇️
                    
At the end of the(after 4 days) fermentation, the culture broth is filtered to remove the mycelium. 
                  ⬇️
The filtrate is treated with n-butanol or methylisobutylketone in acidic or alkaline condition for extracting the antibiotic.
                    ⬇️
 It is then absorbed to activated charcoal to remove other impurities. Chlortetracycline is eluted and crystallized.


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